Case Fatality Rate and Severity of COVID-19 among Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The sickle cell disease (SCD) population has been considered particularly vulnerable to viral pandemics since the emergence of H1N1 in 2009. In this sense, the advance of the COVID-19 pandemic from 2020 has brought this group of patients to the center of concern. However, scientific knowledge about the susceptibility of patients with SCD to a severe COVID-19 pandemic is still insufficient, and efforts to establish a general profile of the disease in these patients, remain inadequate. The present study, therefore, sought to characterize the case fatality rate and severity of COVID-19 in patients with SCD throughout the world. A systematic review of Pubmed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Virtual Health Library databases through December 2021 was then performed. Subsequently, the primary and secondary outcomes were used in the meta-analysis in RStudio® software. Seventy-two studies were included with 6,011 SCD patients confirmed to have SARS-CoV-2 infection between mid-2020 and early 2022. The mean age of patients was 27 years. During this period, 218 deaths caused by COVID-19 were reported in the studied population, corresponding to an overall case fatality rate of 3%. In addition, 10% of patients with SCD were admitted to the ICU after complications caused by COVID-19, and 4% of them required invasive ventilatory support. In conclusion, the high fatality rate, intensive care unit admission and need for mechanical ventilation due to COVID-19 in young patients with SCD indicate that this population is at high risk for severe disease progression.

Applicability of machine learning techniques in food intake assessment: A systematic review.

The evaluation of food intake is important in scientific research and clinical practice to understand the relationship between diet and health conditions of an individual or a population. Large volumes of data are generated daily in the health sector. In this sense, Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools have been increasingly used, for example, the application of Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to extract useful information, find patterns, and predict diseases. This systematic review aimed to identify studies that used ML algorithms to assess food intake in different populations. A literature search was conducted using five electronic databases, and 36 studies met all criteria and were included. According to the results, there has been a growing interest in the use of ML algorithms in the area of nutrition in recent years. Also, supervised learning algorithms were the most used, and the most widely used method of nutritional assessment was the food frequency questionnaire. We observed a trend in using the data analysis programs, such as R and WEKA. The use of ML in nutrition is recent and challenging. Therefore, it is encouraged that more studies are carried out relating these themes for the development of food reeducation programs and public policies.

Yellow fever virus investigation in tissues of vampire bats Desmodus rotundus during a wild yellow fever outbreak in Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

In the last decade a large outbreak of Yellow Fever (YF) has been observed in Brazilian Atlantic Forest region, traditionally a non-endemic area. In this scenario, the role of wild mammal species as YF reservoirs can be questioned, especially the hematophagous bat, Desmodus rotundus. So, the objective of this study was to analyze molecularly the presence of the YF virus (YFV) in hematophagous bats during a YF outbreak in Brazil. Twenty-one samples were collected from seven adult male hematophagous bats D. rotundus. As YFV is considered a viscerotropic and neurotropic virus, samples of liver, kidney and brain were collected and molecularly analyzed using the RT qPCR technique. The animals were captured according to ethical protocols during a YF outbreak in Brazil in 2017, from a region of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The results revealed that the analyzed tissue samples were not infected with the YFV. The negative results for this bat species allow us to infer that other animals may be reservoirs of this virus in this ecosystem and they probably have not been identified yet. Therefore, health surveillance actions are essential to monitor the role of wild animals in the YF dissemination in Brazilian Atlantic Forest and alert to the possibility of new geographic amplification of areas where YF occurs. This research encourages the new search about the role of wild animals on YFV transmission and reinforces the importance of epidemiological surveillance in the transmission of human infectious diseases.

Scorpion envenomation in Brazil: an update / Escorpionismo en Brasil: Una actualización

Abstract Accidents caused by scorpions represent a major health problem on planet, both in individual terms and in the public health sphere. Morbid events can occur in different manifestations, and different clinical conditions must be differentiated for adequate treatment. In addition to the potential injury to human hosts, scorpion venom has been investigated for the therapy of several illnesses. Based on these aspects, the present article aims to present the clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic aspects of scorpionism.

Resumen Los accidentes causados por escorpiones representan un problema mayor de salud pública tanto en términos de daños individuales como en la esfera de la salud pública. Los eventos mórbidos pueden ocurrir con diferentes manifestaciones y condiciones clínicas que deben ser diferenciadas para un manejo adecuado. Ade más del daño potencial que ocasionan a los humanos, el veneno del escorpión ha sido estudiado con el fin de analizar su potencia aplicación para le tratamiento de algunas enfermedades. Este articulo presenta una actualización sobre los aspectos clínicos, terapéuticos y profilácticos del escorpionismo.

Bioética da proteção de Schramm e Kottow: princípios, alcances e conversações / Schramm and Kottow's bioethics of protection: principles, scopes and conversations / Bioética de protección de Schramm y Kottow: principios, alcances y conversaciones

Resumo A bioética da proteção é uma ética teórico-prática proposta a partir do reconhecimento das limitações do principialismo para a abordagem de conflitos do campo da saúde pública, área à qual - originalmente - foram orientados os esforços da nascente corrente bioética. Com a crescente globalização e a desigualdade social, há seres e populações cujos direitos básicos estão ameaçados e, em resposta a tal contexto, a bioética da proteção visa oferecer-lhes amparo, até que sejam capazes de buscar sua qualidade de vida de modo autônomo (sempre que possível). Com base nessas preliminares considerações, este artigo busca elucidar os aspectos históricos, os elementos conceituais e o alcance atual da bioética da proteção, esboçando possíveis articulações com outras correntes bioéticas, como a ética do cuidado e a (bio)ética para todos os seres, como forma de subsidiar a reflexão sobre os conflitos éticos atuais na esfera da saúde, lato sensu , e da saúde pública, stricto sensu .

Abstract The bioethics of protection is a theoretical-practical ethics proposed from the recognition of the insufficiencies of principialism for the approach of conflicts in the field of public health, an area to which originally the efforts of the nascent bioethical current were oriented. The basic rights of certain beings and populations are threatened by the expansion of globalization and social inequality and, in response to this context, the bioethics of protection aims to support them until they can autonomously seek quality of life (whenever possible). Based on these preliminary considerations, this article, this paper seeks to elucidate historical aspects, conceptual elements and the current scope of the bioethics of protection, outlining possible relations with other bioethical currents, such as care ethics and (bio)ethics for all beings, as a way to support reflection on current ethical conflicts in the sphere of health, lato sensu , and public health, stricto sensu .

Resumen La bioética de protección constituye una ética teórico-práctica propuesta a partir del reconocimiento de que el principialismo no basta para abordar los conflictos en el campo de la salud pública, área en que originalmente se centró los esfuerzos de la reciente corriente bioética. Con la creciente globalización y las desigualdades sociales, existen seres y poblaciones que tienen amenazados sus derechos básicos, por lo que la bioética de protección pretende ofrecerles amparo hasta que puedan ser capaces de buscar su calidad de vida de manera autónoma (siempre que posible). Con base en estas consideraciones preliminares, este artículo pretende aclarar los aspectos históricos, los elementos conceptuales y el alcance actual de la bioética de protección, realizando posibles articulaciones con otras corrientes bioéticas, como la ética del cuidado y la (bio)ética para todos los seres, con el fin de fomentar la reflexión sobre los actuales conflictos éticos en el ámbito de la salud, lato sensu , y la salud pública, estricto sensu .

Spiders in Brazil: from arachnidism to potential therapeutic use of their venom part 1 of 2

Spider envenomation, generically known as arachnidism, is described in many places around the world. In terms of medical importance, the following genera of animals stand out as the main origin of the morbid condition: Atrax (Sidney funnel web spider), Steatoda (false black widow), Latrodectus (black widow), Loxosceles (brown spider) and Phoneutria (armed spider), the last three causing accidents involving spiders in Brazil. This article, part 1 of 2, aims to present the main aspects of arachnidism in the country, with an emphasis on the biology and geographical distribution of spiders, biochemistry of the venom, pathogenesis and epidemiology of arachnidism, as well as prevention of the morbid condition.

Acidentes crotálicos no Brasil: atualidades e perspectivas / Crotalic accidents in Brazil: actualities and perspectives

Introdução: Os acidentes ofídicos são eventos negligenciados em países tropicais e em desenvolvimento, incluindo o Brasil. Serpentes do gênero Crotalus são aquelas que produzem os quadros de maior letalidade no país. Objetivos: Abordar os principais aspectos do acidente por Crotalus, com ênfase na biologia das serpentes, na condução clínica dos eventos mórbidos e nas propriedades terapêuticas da peçonha destes animais. Métodos: Revisão da literatura com estratégia de busca definida, a partir da utilização das bases PubMed, LILACS e SciELO. Resultados: A inoculação da peçonha crotálica produz sinais locais discretos, mas repercussões sistêmicas podem ocorrer, especialmente alterações neurológicas e insuficiência renal aguda. A avaliação laboratorial é importante para auxiliar na distinção de outros acidentes ofídicos e para estimar a gravidade do quadro. O soro anticrotálico precisa ser administrado o mais brevemente possível, a partir da estimativa da quantidade de peçonha inoculada. A maior parte dos agravos ocorre no período chuvoso, acometendo principalmente homens jovens que trabalham na zona rural. A adoção de medidas de proteção e a educação em saúde são estratégias pertinentes para a prevenção e a redução do número de casos. As peçonhas de Crotalus possuem ações antimicrobianas, antiagregantes plaquetárias e aplicabilidade em oftalmologia (estrabismo). Conclusão: O conhecimento dos diferentes aspectos dos acidentes crotálicos é essencial para a adequada abordagem diagnóstica e terapêutica de tais condições mórbidas. As propriedades farmacológicas de componentes da peçonha crotálica deverão ser melhor investigadas nos próximos anos, dadas as possibilidades de utilização para o tratamento de diferentes enfermidades humanas

Introduction: Ophidian accidents are neglected events in tropical and in developing countries, including Brazil. Serpents of the Crotalus genus (rattlesnakes) are those that produce the highest case-fatality in the country. Purpose: to address the main aspects of the accident caused by Crotalus, with emphasis on the snakes biology, the clinical approach to snake bites and the therapeutic properties of the venom of these animals. Methods: literature review with a defined search strategy, using the PubMed, LILACS and SciELO databases. Results: Inoculation of crotalic venom produces discrete local signs, but systemic repercussions can occur, especially neurological alterations and acute renal failure. Laboratory evaluation is important to help distinguish from other ophidian accidents and to estimate the severity of the condition. Anticrotalic serum must be administered as soon as possible, based on the estimated amount of inoculated venom. Most of the morbid events occur in the rainy season (higher temperature), mainly affecting young men who work in rural areas. The adoption of protective measures and health education, aimed at the population most commonly involved, are relevant strategies for preventing and reducing the number of cases. In addition, crotalic venoms have antimicrobial actions, antiplatelets functions and ophthalmological applicability (strabismus). Conclusion: Knowledge of the different aspects of crotalic injuries is essential for an adequate diagnostic and therapeutic approach to such morbid conditions. The pharmacological properties of crotalic venom components should be better investigated in the next few years, given the possibilities of their use for the treatment of different human diseases.

Cuidado à criança na atenção primária à saúde: conflitos (bio)éticos / Child health care in primary health care: conflicts (bio)ethics / El cuidado infantil en la atención primaria de salud: conflictos (bio)éticos

Resumo Os conflitos bioéticos no cotidiano do cuidado à criança e ao adolescente na atenção primária à saúde, embora bastante complexos, têm sido pouco abordados, diferentemente do que ocorre no nível de atenção terciária. O amparo a essa população especialmente vulnerável envolve conflitos que demandam do profissional de saúde, além de competência técnica, uma série de conhecimentos legais e atributos éticos indispensáveis. É importante, portanto, reconhecer e analisar as questões (bio)éticas envolvidas, a fim de possibilitar uma tomada de decisão que contemple o melhor interesse da criança. O objetivo do artigo é delimitar, com base em revisão de literatura, os principais conflitos éticos relacionados ao cuidado da criança na atenção primária.

Abstract Although quite complex, bioethical conflicts in the daily routine of child and adolescent health care in primary health care have been little addressed, unlike what occurs at the tertiary care level. Providing support to this especially vulnerable population involves conflicts that require from the health professional, in addition to technical competence, a series of essential legal knowledge and ethical attributes. Therefore, it is important to recognize and analyze the pertinent (bio)ethical issues in order to enable decision-making that is in the best interests of the child. From a literature review, this article aims to delimit the main ethical conflicts related to child health care in primary health care.

Resumen Los conflictos bioéticos en el cuidado diario de niños y adolescentes en la atención primaria de salud, aunque bastante complejos, han sido mal abordados, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en el nivel de atención terciaria. El apoyo a esta población particularmente vulnerable implica conflictos que requieren del profesional de la salud, además de competencia técnica, una serie de conocimientos jurídicos y atributos éticos esenciales. Por lo tanto, es importante reconocer y analizar las cuestiones (bio)éticas involucradas, a fin de permitir la toma de decisiones en el mejor interés del niño. El objetivo del artículo es delimitar, a partir de una revisión de la literatura, los principales conflictos éticos relacionados con el cuidado infantil en la atención primaria.

Construção do saber médico: crítica ético-política / Construction of medical knowledge: ethical-political criticism / Construcción del saber médico: crítica ético-política

Resumo Este texto é um comentário ao livro Natural, racional, social: razão médica e racionalidade científica moderna, de Madel T. Luz. Sua crítica à racionalidade e à metodologia científica baseia-se no reconhecimento de um quê ideológico nessas dimensões, delineado principalmente a partir da Revolução Industrial. As reflexões da autora buscam respostas para explicar a marginalização de outros modos de lidar com a realidade (com destaque para o vitalismo, cuja presença é marcante na homeopatia), que foram e ainda são atacados pelo modelo hegemônico instituído pela ciência moderna. Ressalta-se que a estética desempenha um papel importante na produção e disseminação do conhecimento, como base capaz de ampliar a visão para diferentes perspectivas de racionalidade e de elaboração ética.

Abstract This article is a commentary on the book Natural, racional, social: razão médica e racionalidade científica moderna by Madel T. Luz. Her criticism of rationality and scientific methodology is based on recognizing an ideological aspect in these dimensions, outlined mainly from the Industrial Era. Her reflections seek answers to explain the marginalization of other ways of dealing with reality that were and remain under attack by the hegemonical model of modern science (with special attention to vitalism, a striking aspect of homeopathy). Aesthetics are crucial in the production and dissemination of knowledge as the basis to broaden the vision toward different perspectives of rationality and ethical elaboration.

Resumen Este texto es un comentario al libro Natural, racional, social: razón médica y racionalidad científica moderna, de Madel T. Luz. Su crítica a la racionalidad y a la metodología científica se basa en el reconocimiento de un aspecto ideológico en estas dimensiones, delineado principalmente a partir de la Revolución Industrial. Las reflexiones de la autora buscan respuestas para explicar la marginalización de otros modos de hacer frente a la realidad (con destaque para el vitalismo, cuya presencia es destacada en la homeopatía), que fueron y aún son atacados por el modelo hegemónico instituido por la ciencia moderna. Se resalta que la estética desempeña un papel importante en la producción y difusión del conocimiento, como base capaz de ampliar la visión a diferentes perspectivas de racionalidad y elaboración ética.

Pararamosis: Disease of the Rubber Plantations.

Pararamosis is a medical condition, described in the latex extracting areas of the Amazon (rubber tree regions), resulting from contact with the caterpillar of the Premolis semirufa moth. The disease can present itself in an acute form-similarly to other erucisms (injuries caused by moth larvae in humans)-or in a chronic form, typically characterized by the occurrence of changes in the joints of the hands. Because of its importance, in the context of tropical diseases, the objective of this article was to review the main facets of the disease, emphasizing the different pathogenic aspects of the interaction between the arthropod and man.

Internação em terapia intensiva: aspectos éticos da tomada de decisão / Intensive care hospitalization: ethical aspects of decision-making / Hospitalización en cuidados intensivos: aspectos éticos de la toma de decisiones

Resumo A escassez de recursos para ações de cuidado - questão extremamente relevante nos sistemas de saúde de acesso universal - tem motivado diversas situações em que é necessário estabelecer critérios de priorização, mormente no âmbito da regulação. Partindo de perspectiva bioética, este artigo visa discutir o processo decisório de médicos reguladores em situação envolvendo escassez de recurso - no caso, leitos de centro de tratamento intensivo. Trata-se de estudo teórico-reflexivo, empreendido a partir da análise ética de situação-problema fictícia envolvendo a escolha de paciente para tratamento intensivo em contexto de limitado número de vagas. O caso fictício apresentado foi apreciado a partir dos referenciais das correntes bioéticas principialista e utilitarista. A reflexão ressaltou que as decisões dessa natureza devem ser baseadas na profunda articulação entre critérios técnicos e éticos. Foi possível concluir que, na situação-problema analisada, a seleção aleatória seria a mais viável e mais justa do ponto de vista bioético.

Abstract Scarcity of resources in healthcare - an extremely relevant issue in universal healthcare systems - has motivated the emergence of several situations where one needs to establish prioritization criteria, especially within the scope of regulation. Based on a bioethical perspective, this article discuss the decision-making process of coordinating physicians in a situation involving scarcity of resources - in this case, intensive care unit beds. This is a reflective theoretical study, based on the ethical analysis of a hypothetical problem-situation involving the choice of patient for admission in this unit, in a context of a limited vacancies. The situation presented was assessed based on the principlist and utilitarian bioethical perspectives. The reflection emphasized that decisions of this nature must be based on a deep articulation between technical and ethical criteria. After the analysis, we concluded that random selection would be the most feasible and fairest from a bioethical point of view.

Resumen La escasez de recursos para las acciones de atención -tema de extrema relevancia en los sistemas de salud con acceso universal- ha motivado varias situaciones en las que es necesario establecer criterios de priorización, especialmente en el ámbito de la regulación médica de las urgencias. Desde una perspectiva bioética, este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir el proceso de toma de decisiones de los médicos reguladores en situaciones de escasez de recursos (en este caso, camas de unidades de cuidados intensivos). Se trata de un estudio teórico-reflexivo, realizado a partir del análisis ético de una situación-problema ficticia que implica la elección de un paciente para tratamiento intensivo en el contexto de un número limitado de vacantes. Se apreció el caso ficticio a partir de los referenciales de las corrientes bioética principialista y utilitarista. La reflexión destacó que las decisiones de esta naturaleza deben basarse en la articulación profunda entre criterios técnicos y éticos. Se pudo concluir que, en la situación-problema analizada, la selección aleatoria sería la más viable y justa desde el punto de vista bioético.

(Bio)ética e população em situação de rua: entre Agamben e Derrida / (Bio)ethics and homeless persons: between Agamben and Derrida / (Bio)ética y personas sin hogar: entre Agamben y Derrida

Resumo Neste artigo pretende-se analisar problemas bioéticos relativos às populações em situação de rua a partir dos conceitos de homo sacer, de Giorgio Agamben, e de hospitalidade incondicional, de Jacques Derrida. Como elementos-chave destacam-se a invisibilidade dessas populações e o reconhecimento de que profissionais e instituições de saúde devem operar em lógica de cultura hospitaleira, que considere o cuidado às pessoas em situação de rua como significativa ação ética.

Abstract This article aims to analyze bioethical issues related to homeless persons based on the concepts of homo sacer, by Giorgio Agamben, and unconditional hospitality, by Jacques Derrida. We considered the following key elements: the invisibility of these people and the recognition that health professionals and institutions must operate within the logic of a hospitable culture, considering care for this population as a significant ethical action.

Resumen En este artículo, se pretende analizar los problemas bioéticos relativos a las personas sin hogar con base en los conceptos de homo sacer, de Giorgio Agamben, y hospitalidad incondicional, de Jacques Derrida. Como elementos clave se destacan la invisibilidad de dichas poblaciones y el reconocimiento de que los profesionales e instituciones de salud deben operar en una lógica de la cultura hospitalaria, que tenga en cuenta el cuidado a las personas sin hogar como significativa acción ética.

A systematic review of the diagnostic aspects and use of Trypanosoma rangeli as an immunogen for Trypanosoma cruzi infection.

INTRODUCTION: Trypanosoma rangeli is a protozoan that infects several domestic and wild mammals and shows significant distribution in Latin American countries. T. rangeli infection is similar to Chagas disease, both in diagnostic and prophylactic terms. Thus, the objective of this work was to review the diagnostic aspects and use of T. rangeli as an immunogen for Trypanosoma cruzi infection. METHODS: For this elaboration, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were adopted with descriptors derived from the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) platform in the PubMed/MEDLINE and SciELO databases. The inclusion criteria were defined as original articles on "Trypanosoma rangeli" and diagnostic aspects of T. rangeli infection in humans and/or research on the possible vaccines developed using T. rangeli strains for T. cruzi infection. RESULTS: After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 articles were procured, of which 4 addressed research on the possible vaccines developed using T. rangeli for T. cruzi infection in vertebrates and the remaining 14 predominantly dealt with the diagnostic aspects of T. rangeli infection in humans. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we formulated a compilation of the essential literature on this subject, emphasizing the need for more accurate and accessible techniques for the differential diagnosis of infections caused by both protozoa, and underscored several prospects in the search for a vaccine for Chagas disease.

COVID-19 and Brazilian Indigenous Populations.

The newly discovered SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of COVID-19, including severe respiratory symptoms with an important lethality rate and high dissemination capacity. Considering the indigenous people of Brazil, it is feared that COVID-19 will spread to these communities, causing another stage of decimation. Despite advances in indigenous health care in the country, there are still many challenges due to the social vulnerability of this population, whose lands continue to be illegally exploited. Based on these considerations, this article discusses challenges in caring for the indigenous population in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

Bioética, odontologia e atenção primária à saúde o sigilo em questão / Bioethics, dentistry and primary health care: regarding confidentiality / Bioética, odontología y atención primaria de la salud: confidencialidad en cuestión

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar se os cirurgiões-dentistas, que atuam na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) da Microrregião de Saúde de Viçosa-MG, Brasil, identificariam os problemas bioéticos narrados em um caso fictício apresentado e como lidariam como os mesmos em sua prática profissional. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo quanti-qualitativo, realizado através da aplicação de questionário semiestruturado a 48 odontólogos da microrregião. Foram realizadas (i) análise descritiva e (ii) análise de conteúdo de Laurence Bardin. Resultados: Na situação clínica apresentada, 85,4% dos participantes identificaram algum problema bioético, sendo a quebra de sigilo a mais relatada (59,6%). Entretanto, quando questionados sobre qual atitude tomariam, 50,0% dos entrevistados também quebrariam o sigilo em situação análoga. Conclusão: As dificuldades para o embasamento bioético na tomada de decisão, observadas nesse estudo, reafirmam a necessidade de implementação de ações de educação permanente para auxiliar os profissionais no reconhecimento e na correta deliberação frente aos problemas éticos que ocorrem na APS.

The objective of this study was to analyze if the dentist surgeons working in the Primary Health Care (PHC) of the Health Service of the micro-region of Viçosa-MG, Brazil, would identify the bioethical problems described in the fictitious case presented and how they would deal with them in their professional practice. Methods: The study is quantitative and qualitative, conducted through the application of a semi-structured questionnaire to 48 dentists of the micro-region. A (i) descriptive analysis, and a (ii) content analysis according Laurence Bardin, were performed. Results: In the clinical situation presented, 85.4% of the participants identified a bioethical problem, with breach of confidentiality being the most reported (59.6%), however, when questioned about what their choice would be, 50.0% of the respondents would choose to break confidentiality as well. Conclusion:The lack of a bioethical foundation in decision making, observed in this study, reaffirms the need to implement permanent educational actions to assist these professionals in recognizing and in correctly determining the bioethical problems which eventually occur.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar si los cirujanos dentistas que trabajan en la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) del Servicio de Salud de la micro-región de Viçosa-MG, Brasil, identificarían los problemas bioéticos descritos en el caso ficticio presentado y cómo iban a tratarlo en su práctica profesional. Métodos: El estudio es de tipo cuantitativo y cualitativo, realizado mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario semi-estructurado a 48 dentistas de la micro-región. El un análisis descriptivo y el análisis de contenido fueron llevados a cabo. Resultados: En la situación clínica presentada, el 85,4% de los participantes identificaron un problema bioético, con violación de la confidencialidad siendo el más informado (59,6%), sin embargo, cuando se le preguntó acerca de lo que su opción sería, el 50,0% de los encuestados elegiría romper la confidencialidad. Conclusión: La necesidad de implementar acciones de educación permanente para ayudar a estos profesionales en el reconocimiento y en determinar correctamente los problemas bioéticos que eventualmente ocurren, fue encontrado.